Pharmacogenomics and Precision Dosing A Modern Approach to Reducing Adverse Drug Reactions

Abstract

The research of the genetic variation in the individual responses to drugs has become one of the pillars of personalised medicine and this field has been labelled as pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics facilitates the clinical practitioner to individualize therapy by pinpointing any genomic variations that influence drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and activity. It is the reason why a personalised approach is especially significant since adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant clinical and public-health issue of concern on an international scale, as they cause significant morbidity, mortality, non-compliance, and increased healthcare expenses. A combination of pharmacogenomic understanding and precision dosing, which involves incorporation of genetic information in conjunction with clinical factors including age, comorbidities, organ functioning and concomitant treatment, provides a more precise approach to optimisation of drug choice and dose as well as minimising unnecessary toxicity. The paper focuses on the principles of pharmacogenomics, genetic predictors of drug reactions, and the most important gene-drug interactions that are linked to the risk of ADR. It also discusses the technological advances that allow the use of a specific dose, clinical case studies in real-life practice, the existing barriers to its implementation, and the worldwide policy that promotes the use of personalised therapeutics. In general, the integrative application of pharmacogenomics and precision dosing is a radical move towards safer, predictive and patient-intelligent pharmacotherapy.