Biomarkers in Early Detection of Heart Disease with Special Reference to Troponin – A Critical Review

Abstract

Heart diseases should be diagnosed in time to minimize complications and enhance survival. The biomarkers currently have been extremely important in identifying damage to the heart before symptoms are felt. The most effective of them is cardiac troponins, particularly high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) since they are very specific to injury of heart muscle. Accuracy can be enhanced by the use of other markers like CK-MB, myoglobin, BNP/NT-proBNP and inflammatory markers like hs-CRP together. This review explains the functioning of such biomarkers, their strengths, and limitations, as well as the clinical issues. It also points out international norms, diagnostic models and access issues. Imaging, expert judgment, clinical scoring, and biomarkers are essential to effective cardiac diagnosis.